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Các dạng mệnh đề phổ biến & Cách sử dụng trong IELTS

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My English Scrapbook: Relative Clauses

Mệnh đề danh từ:

* Cấu trúc:
– That/The fact that + Clause
– What/When/Where/Who/Which/Whether/How + S +V
Ex:à That he arrives early surprises me.
à Why they are absent is nothing to me.

Mệnh đề quan hệ:

Mệnh đề quan hệ thay cho chủ ngữ (who, which)
Ex:

  • That Canadian girl is his daughter. That Canadian girl is smiling at you.
  • That Canadian girl, who is smiling at you, is his daughter.
  • His newest book will be made into a movie. His newest book was published last year.
  • His newest book, which was published last year, will be made into a movie.

Mệnh đề quan hệ thay cho tân ngữ (whom, which)
Ex:

  • The man sent us a postcard from Japan. We met the man in our trip.
  • The man whom we met in our trip sent us a postcard from Japan.

Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng “THAT”
Ex:

  • It’s the movie. She hates the movie the most.
  • It’s the movie that she hates the most.

Mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ sở hữu (whose)
Ex:

  • The baker baked the cake yesterday. I don’t remember the baker’s name.
  • The baker, whose name I don’t remember, baked the cake yesterday.

Trạng từ quan hệ WHEN, WHERE, WHY
Ex:

  • That’s the restaurant where we met for the first time.
  • That’s the restaurant in which we met for the first time.
  • I remember the day when we first met.
  • I remember the day on which we first met.
  • Tell me (the reason) why you came home late.
  • Tell me the reason for which you came home late.

Phân loại mệnh đề quan hệ: xác định vs không xác định

  • Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định: là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin về một người, một vật hoặc một sự việc đã được xác định. Mệnh đề không xác định là mệnh đề không nhất thiết phải có trong câu, không có nó câu vẫn đủ nghĩa. Nó được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ xác định và được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng một hoặc hai dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-).
  • John’s mother, who lives in Scotland, has 6 grandchildren.
  • Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định: chỉ cho người đọc biết chính xác về đối tượng ( người, vật…) mà chúng ta đang nói đến trong câu. Nếu mệnh đề xác định bị lược bỏ khỏi câu thì ý nghĩa của toàn bộ câu sẽ thay đổi một cách đáng kể. Mệnh đề xác định không bị chia cắt với phần còn lại của câu văn bởi bất kì dấu phẩy hay dấu ngoặc đơn nào.
  • The woman who visited me in the hospital was very kind.
  • The umbrella that I bought last week is already broken

Dạng rút gọn của mệnh đề quan hệ (4 dạng)

  1. Rút gọn bằng cách dùng participle phrases (V-ing phrase): Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động (active), ta dùng present participle phrase thay cho mệnh đề đó.

Ex: The man who is standing there is my brother.

  • The man standing there is my brother
  1. Rút gọn bằng cách dùng past participle phrase (V-ed phrase): Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (passive) ta dùng past participle phrase

Ex: The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.

  • The books written by To Hoai are interesting.
  1. Rút gọn bằng to-infinitive: Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các chữ sau đây bổ nghĩa: the only, the first, the second,… the last, so sánh nhất, mục đích…

Ex: Tom is the last person who enters the room.

  • Tom is the last person to enter the room
  • Động từ là have/had:

Ex: I have many homework that I must do.

  • I have many homework to do.
  • Đầu câu có Here (be), There (be)

Ex: There are six letters which have to be written today.

  • There are six letters to be written
  1. Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ):
  2. Dùng khi mệnh đề tính từ có dạng

S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ
Ex: Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.

  • Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
  1. Mệnh đề tính từ có dạng be và tính từ/cụm tính từ: Có 2 công thức rút gọn:
  • Công thức 1: Bỏ who, which…to be -> giữ nguyên tính từ phía sau.

Ex: There must be something that is wrong.

  • There must be something wrong.

       My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.

  • My grandmother, old and sick, never goes out of the house.
  • Công thức 2: Những trường hợp còn lại ta đem tính từ lên trước danh từ

Ex: My grandmother, who is sick, never goes out of the house.

  • My sick grandmother never goes out of the house.

Sử dụng trong IELTS: mệnh đề danh từ

– Writing task 2:

  • A growing number of people feel that animals should not be exploited by people and that they should have the same rights as humans, while others argue that humans must employ animals to satisfy their various needs, including uses for food and research. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
  • Personally, I do not believe that it is necessary to exploit animals for our own satisfaction.

– Speaking:

  • What do you think about corruption? (Part 3)
  • I think that corruption is wrong and that those guilty of it should be punished.

Sử dụng trong IETLS: mệnh đề quan hệ

Writing task 1:
Ex:

  • The number of cars (which are) taxed highly is lowest on the chart. (Đại từ “which” để thay thế và bổ nghĩa cho danh từ “cars”, nhưng trong câu này đại từ quan hệ đã được rút gọn đi)
  • 16% of Irish people were unemployed in 1988, which slumped to roughly 9% in the following four years. (“which” đứng sau dấu phẩy nhằm bổ nghĩa cho cả mệnh đề đúng trước nó)
  • The percentage of 35-to 39-year-old females who gave birth was still largest, at under 70% in 2008. (Đại từ “Who” dùng để thay thế và bổ nghĩa cho danh từ “35-to 39-year-old females” trước nó.)
  • The garden where people in the village gathered in their free time was demolished to make way for a new cinema in 2007. (sử dụng đại từ quan hệ “where” để thay thế và bổ nghĩa cho danh từ “garden” đứng trước nó)

– Writing task 2:
Ex:

  • There is nothing (that is) useful from business management courses.
  • Diets that are high in saturated fat clog up our arteries, thereby reducing the blood flow to our hearts and brains. (là câu rút gọn của … that thereby reduces)

Speaking: Mệnh đề quan hệ cũng được dùng trong speaking nhằm bổ sung thông tin cho chủ thể đang nói đến.
Exercise:

  1. Complete the following article by writing each missing relative pronoun or adverb in the space provided. Use only one word for each space.

Example: number 0
Jack of Hearts is a new six-part drama series (0) which/ that comes to our screens this week. It has been given the prime Wednesday evening 9.30 slot, (1)…. shows that the network has faith in its latest creation. The first episode opens to a scene (2)… a young man is being chased. He stops at a phone box and makes a desperate call. This call wakes up a man (3)… most viewers will recognize as Keith Allen – the slightly sleazy unshaven Cockney (4)… characters are usually less than wholesome. This time, however, he is on the right side of the law, playing a probation officer with a complicated professional and personal life, both of (5)… form the main themes of the series. The writers have managed to find a different angle on his personal problems. At the center of these problems is his stepdaughter, for (6)…he attempts to keep the household together. His relationship with the girl’s mother, (7)…seems to be a bad-tempered, grumpy woman, is further compromised later in the series (8)… she joins the staff of a college at (9)…she meets a former lover. Thus the ground is prepared in this first episode for a series (10)…may help to lift British summertime TV out of its regular slump.

  1. Read the following text. In most lines, there is an unnecessary word, a word missing or a punctuation error. For each numbered line 1-22, identify the mistake and write the correct version in the space on the right. Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick (). The first two lines are examples (0 and 00).

0  Tourism today is an industry (v) has grown so much in recent years that in many            
à which  countries it provides the greatest single contribution to the country’s revenue            
1 But is it always a good thing? Mass tourism which is a relatively recent
2 phenomenon, brings with it a whole raft of problems. First, it means that a
3 country’s economy may rely on an industry which it is wholly seasonal, with
4  the consequence that the huge numbers of people work in tourism during the
5 seasons have no income during the rest of the year. Some find wherever to work
6  they can, but others may turn to a government that is already receiving lower
7  revenues for support.
8  Second, it is true that in many countries tourists are destroying the very
9   sights they flock to see them. They take home pieces of an ancient monument
10  or of a coral reef which will gradually result in erosion of the attractions and
11  therefore of the industry. While this kind of destruction may be wholly
12  unintentional, a certain type of tourist what wants only a ‘good time’ can be
13  very destructive in a different way: they drink too much, pick fights and
14  destroy the clubs and bars where they are drinking in. Obviously, it is then
15  this behavior by that the local community judges all members of that
16  nationality group, creating enmity between races rather than fostering
17  empathy, what should be one of the main advantages of tourism.
18  Finally, there are many places tourism is threatening a well-established
19   way of life: people that whose livelihoods traditionally come from older
20  industries, such as agriculture or fishing, are finding new jobs and wealth in
21  the over-developed tourist regions, but at what cost? It is sometimes difficult
22  to understand exactly which a country gains from tourism.

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